Principles of international business transactions / by Ralph H. Folsom, Michael Wallace Gordon, John A. Spanogle, Jr., Michael P. Van Alstine.
2013
KF390.B84 F65 2013 (Map It)
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Title
Principles of international business transactions / by Ralph H. Folsom, Michael Wallace Gordon, John A. Spanogle, Jr., Michael P. Van Alstine.
Published
St. Paul, MN : West, [2013]
Copyright
©2013
Call Number
KF390.B84 F65 2013
Edition
Third edition.
Spine Title
International business transactions
ISBN
9780314286598
0314286594
0314286594
Description
xxiii, 976 pages ; 20 cm.
System Control No.
(OCoLC)852402084
Bibliography, etc. Note
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Series
Record Appears in
Table of Contents
Preface
III
ch. 1
International Sales Law
1
1.1.
Introduction to the CISG
2
1.2.
The Legal Status of the CISG
6
1.3.
The CISG's Structure and Sphere of Application
6
1.4.
Party Autonomy and Choice of Law Clauses
12
1.5.
Transactions Excluded from the CISG
16
1.6.
"Hybrid" and Other Sales Transactions Excluded from the CISG
19
1.7.
Issues Expressly Excluded from the Convention
24
1.8.
The General Provisions of the CISG
30
1.9.
Interpretation of the CISG
31
1.10.
Interpretation of the Party Intent and Usages
33
1.11.
Form Requirements
35
1.12.
Contract Formation-In General
36
1.13.
Contract Formation-The Offer
37
1.14.
Contract Formation-Firm Offers and Other Offer Issues
40
1.15.
Contract Formation-Acceptance
42
1.16.
Contract Formation-The Battle of the Forms
45
1.17.
Seller's Performance Obligations-In General
49
1.18.
Seller's Obligations-Delivery
50
1.19.
Seller's Obligations-Quality of the Goods
53
1.20.
Obligations-Property Issues
59
1.21.
Buyer's Performance Obligations-Payment and Acceptance of Delivery
61
1.22.
Buyer's Inspection and Notice of Defects
63
1.23.
Seller's Rights to Cure
66
1.24.
Risk of Loss
68
1.25.
Excuses for Non-Performance
71
1.26.
Breach and Remedies-In General
75
1.27.
Breach-Right to Suspend Performance
77
1.28.
Breach-Contract Avoidance and Fundamental Breach
80
1.29.
Breach-Anticipatory Breach
84
1.30.
Breach-Installment Contracts
85
1.31.
Buyer's Remedies for Breach by Seller
86
1.32.
Buyer's Remedies-Avoidance of the Contract
87
1.33.
Buyer's Remedies-Non-Judicial Reduction in Price
93
1.34.
Buyer's Remedies-Specific Performance
95
1.35.
Buyer's Remedies-Action for Damages
98
1.36.
Seller's Remedies for Breach by Buyer
102
1.37.
Seller's Remedies-Avoidance of the Contract
102
1.38.
Seller's Remedies-Specific Performance-Action for the Price
106
1.39.
Seller's Remedies-Action for Damages
107
1.40.
The Limitation Convention
109
ch. 2
Commercial Terms
113
2.1.
Introduction
113
2.2.
The Purpose of Commercial Terms
114
2.3.
The Incoterms Rules "as Trade Usages
115
2.4.
The 2010 Revision of Incoterms
116
2.5.
The Categories of Commercial Terms
117
2.6.
The Format of Incoterms
119
2.7.
The Incoterms Rules for Sea and Inland Waterway Transport
120
2.8.
The Free on Board (FOB) Term
120
2.9.
The Free Alongside Ship (FAS) Term
124
2.10.
The Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) Term
125
2.11.
The Cost and Freight (CFR) Term
129
2.12.
The Incoterms Rules for Any Mode or Modes of Transport
130
2.13.
The Ex Works (EXW) Term
130
2.14.
The Free Carrier (FCA) Term
131
2.15.
The Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) Term
132
2.16.
The Carriage Paid (CPT) Term
133
2.17.
The Delivered at Place (DAP) Term
134
2.18.
The Delivered at Terminal (DAT) Term
135
2.19.
The Delivered Duty Paid (DDP) Term
135
ch. 3
Bills of Lading
137
3.1.
Introduction to Bills of Lading
137
3.2.
Nonnegotiable ("Straight") Bills of Lading
140
3.3.
Negotiable ("Order") Bills of Lading
141
3.4.
The Payment against Documents Transaction
144
3.5.
The Necessity of a Negotiable Bill of Lading
145
3.6.
Payment
146
3.7.
Risks for the Parties-In General
149
3.8.
The Risks for the Seller
149
3.9.
The Risks for the Buyer
150
3.10.
International Conventions
151
3.11.
Overview of United States Law
154
3.12.
The Harter Act
155
3.13.
The Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA)
156
3.14.
The Federal Bills of Lading Act (FBLA)
159
3.15.
Liabilities and Inherent Risks Regarding Bills of Lading
160
3.16.
Misdelivery
161
3.17.
Misdescription
167
3.18.
Forged Bills of Lading
171
3.19.
Electronic Bills of Lading
173
ch. 4
Sales Agent and Distributorship Agreements
179
4.1.
Need for a Written Agreement
179
4.2.
Problems Most Prevalent upon Termination
180
4.3.
Effect of Changing Export Laws in the United States
182
4.4.
Choice of Form
182
4.5.
Independent Foreign Agent
182
4.6.
Independent Foreign Distributor
183
4.7.
Laws Protecting Agents and Distributors
184
4.8.
Aspects of Control
186
4.9.
Areas to Consider
188
ch. 5
Countertrade Agreements
191
5.1.
Countertrade in the Post World War II Years
191
5.2.
Why Engage in Countertrade?
192
5.3.
Barter
195
5.4.
Counterpurchase
195
5.5.
Compensation or Buyback
197
5.6.
Offsets
198
5.7.
Switch Trading
200
5.8.
Bilateral Clearing Accounts
201
5.9.
Investment Commitment
201
5.10.
Future of Countertrade
201
ch. 6
Documentary Letters of Credit
203
6.1.
Introduction-The Transactional Problem
203
6.2.
The Documentary Sale Transaction with a Confirmed Letter of Credit
204
6.3.
Risk Allocation in the Letter of Credit Transaction
213
6.4.
The Law Governing Letters of Credit
215
6.5.
The Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits (UCP)
216
6.6.
The Fundamental Legal Principles of Letter of Credit Law
220
6.7.
The Independence principle
220
6.8.
The Strict Compliance Principle
222
6.9.
The Basic Obligations of Banks
225
6.10.
The Banks' Obligations upon Presentation of Documents
227
6.11.
Obligation to Examine the Documents for Discrepancies
228
6.12.
Obligation of Timely Notification of Discrepancies
231
6.13.
Wrongful Dishonor of a Credit
234
6.14.
Wrongful Honor of the Credit
236
6.15.
The Special Role of the Transportation Document in the Letter of Credit Transaction
238
6.16.
Electronic Letter of Credit Transactions
240
ch. 7
Standby Letters of Credit
245
7.1.
Introduction
245
7.2.
The Transaction Pattern of a Standby Letter of Credit
246
7.3.
Differences with a Commercial Letter of Credit
248
7.4.
The Law Governing Standby Letters of Credit
249
7.5.
Uniform Commercial Code Article 5
250
7.6.
The Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits (UCP)
251
7.7.
The Fundamental Legal Principles of Standby Letters of Credit
252
7.8.
New International Rules for Standby Letters of Credit
253
7.9.
The United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit (1995)
254
7.10.
The International Standby Practices (ISP 98)
256
7.11.
The "Fraud Defense"
258
7.12.
The Fraud Defense under the UCC
259
7.13.
Claims of Fraud under the U.N. Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit
265
ch. 8
International Electronic Commerce
267
8.1.
Introduction
267
8.2.
Private Contractual Measures Enabling E-Commerce-Trading Partner Agreements
271
8.3.
Legislative Measures Enabling E-Commerce-in General
272
8.4.
The UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce
273
8.5.
Equality of Treatment
274
8.6.
Contract Formation
275
8.7.
The UNCITRAL Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
277
8.8.
The United States-The Federal E-SIGN Act
279
8.9.
State Laws, Especially UETA
281
8.10.
The European Union-Background to the eEurope Initiative
286
8.11.
E.U. Directives Enabling E-Commerce
287
8.12.
The Distance\Selling Directive and Other E.U. Consumer Protection Directives
289
8.13.
The E.U. Personal Data Protection Directive
291
ch. 9
An Introduction to the WTO, IMF and U.S. Trade Authorities
297
9.1.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947)
299
9.2.
The GATT Multinational Trade Negotiations (Rounds)
302
9.3.
The, World Trade Organization (WTO) and GATT 1994
304
9.4.
WTO Decision-Making, Admission
306
9.5.
WTO Agreements and L.S. Law
309
9.6.
WTO Dispute Settlement/U.S. Disputes/China Disputes
310
9.7.
Import Quotas and Licenses under the WTO
323
9.8.
GATT/WTO Nontariff Trade Barrier Codes
323
9.9.
The WTO Agreement on Agriculture
325
9.10.
The Optional WTO Public Procurement Code
327
9.11.
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
328
9.12.
The WTO and Rules of Origin
330
9.13.
The WTO TRIPs Agreement
331
9.14.
U.S. International Trade Administration (ITA)
333
9.15.
U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC)
334
9.16.
U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT)
335
9.17.
The USTR, Fast Track and U.S. Trade Agreements
337
9.18.
An Introduction to the IMF
339
ch. 10
United States Tariffs and Duty Free Imports
343
10.1.
U.S. Tariffs, Duty Free Entry
343
10.2.
The Origins of United States Tariffs
345
10.3.
Column 1 Tariffs and the GATT/WTO
346
10.4.
Column 2 Tariffs
347
10.5.
The Jackson-Vanik Amendment
348
10.6.
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences-Statutory Authorization
350
10.7.
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences-USTR Petition Procedures
351
10.8.
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences-Competitive Need Limitations
352
10.9.
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences-Country Eligibility
353
10.10.
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences-Product Eligibility
356
10.11.
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences-Graduation
357
10.12.
U.S. Generalized System of Tariff Preferences-Judicial and Administrative Remedies
358
10.13.
Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI)
359
10.14.
CBI Country Eligibility
359
10.15.
CBI Product Eligibility
362
10.16.
Andean Trade Preferences
364
10.17.
African Trade Preferences
364
10.18.
Section 9802.00.80 of the HTS
365
10.19.
Maquiladoras
366
10.20.
Section 9802.00.80 Case Law
368
ch. 11
Customs Classification, Valuation and Origin
373
11.1.
Purpose of Classification, Valuation and Origin
373
11.2.
The Actors Who Classify and Value-The Customs Service
375
11.3.
The Sources of Law for Classification, Valuation and Origin
377
11.4.
Classification-Sample Provisions of the Harmonized Tariff System
379
11.5.
Classification-The Meaning of the Headings in the HTS
381
11.6.
Classification-The Meaning of the Notes in the HTS
381
11.7.
Classification-The Meaning of the Columns in the HTS
382
11.8.
Classification-Applying the General Rules of Interpretation
383
11.9.
Classification-The Additional U.S. Rules of Interpretation
386
11.10.
Classification-United States Customs Service, Guidance for Interpretation of Harmonized System
388
11.11.
Classification-Decisions of United States Courts
390
11.12.
Rules of Origin-Substantial Transformation, Proposed Uniform Approach
390
11.13.
Rules of Origin-Sources of Law
392
11.14.
Rules of Origin-Applicable Legal Theories
395
11.15.
Valuation-United States Law,
397
11.16.
Valuation-The Law of the GATT/WTO
397
11.17.
Valuation-Appraisal of Imported Merchandise
398
11.18.
Valuation-Transaction Value
398
11.19.
Valuation-Deductive Value
402
11.20.
Valuation-Computed Value
404
11.21.
Valuation-Value When Other Methods Are Not Effective
405
ch. 12
Antidumping Duties
407
12.1.
Overview-Antidumping Duties (ADs) and Countervailing Duties (CVDs)
407
12.2.
Dumping-What Is It and Why Is It Done?
409
12.3.
The WTO Antidumping Agreement (1994)
410
12.4.
The Evolution of U.S. Antidumping Law
412
12.5.
The Basic Dumping Determination }
414
12.6.
Foreign Market Value-"Normal Value"
414
12.7.
Sales Below Cost Disregarded
417
12.8.
Nonmarket Economy Constructed Values
417
12.9.
Market Economy Constructed Values
419
12.10.
United States Price
420
12.11.
"Foreign Like Product" Determinations and Required Adjustments
421
12.12.
The Injury Determination
423
12.13.
The "Like Product" and Relevant Domestic Industry Determinations
424
12.14.
Material Injury
425
12.15.
Threat of Material Injury,
430
12.16.
Material Retardation
431
12.17.
Causation
431
12.18.
Cumulative Causation
433
12.19.
Negligible Dumping
434
12.20.
Specific Issues in the U.S. Implementation of the WTO Antidumping Agreement
435
12.21.
WTO Dispute Resolution and U.S. Antidumping Actions
436
12.22.
Antidumping Procedures-Petition and Response
438
12.23.
Administrative Determinations
439
12.24.
The Importance of the ITA Preliminary Dumping Determination
440
12.25.
Antidumping Duties and Reviews
441
12.26.
Anticircumvention
442
12.27.
Appeals-United States Courts
443
12.28.
International Tribunals
444
ch. 13
Subsidies and Countervailing Duties
447
13.1.
Subsidies and International Trade
447
13.2.
The WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (1994)
448
13.3.
Historical Introduction to U.S. CVD Law
450
13.4.
Two Statutory Tests
451
13.5.
U.S. Implementation of the WTO SCM Agreement-In General
451
13.6.
The Subsidy Requirement
453
13.7.
The Specificity Requirement
454
13.8.
Export Subsidies
455
13.9.
Domestic Subsidies
456
13.10.
Upstream Subsidies
457
13.11.
De Minimis Subsidies
458
13.12.
CVDs and Nonmarket Economies
458
13.13.
The Injury Determination
459
13.14.
The "Like Product" and Relevant Domestic Industry Determinations
461
13.15.
Material Injury
462
13.16.
Threat of Material Injury
464
13.17.
Material Retardation
465
13.18.
Causation
465
13.19.
Cumulative Causation
466
13.20.
Countervailing Duty Procedures
467
13.21.
Administrative Determinations
468
13.22.
The Importance of the ITA Preliminary Subsidy Determination
470
13.23.
CVDs and Anticircumvention
471
13.24.
Appeals
472
13.25.
WTO Proceedings
472
ch. 14
United States Import Controls and Nontariff Trade Barriers
475
14.1.
Import Quotas and Licenses
475
14.2.
U.S. Import Restraints
476
14.3.
Nontariff Trade Barriers
478
14.4.
Public Procurement
479
14.5.
Product Standards
483
14.6.
Product Markings (Origin, Labels)
487
ch. 15
Escape Clause (Safeguard) Proceedings; Trade Adjustment Assistance
491
15.1.
Prospects for Relief
491
15.2.
The Impact of Limited Judicial Review
492
15.3.
The WTO Safeguards Agreement
493
15.4.
Escape Clause Proceedings-Petitions
494
15.5.
ITC Investigations
495
15.6.
The Statutory Criteria for Escape Clause Relief
496
15.7.
Relevant Domestic Industry
497
15.8.
Substantial Causation
499
15.9.
Serious Injury
501
15.10.
ITC Escape Clause Relief Recommendations
503
15.11.
Presidential Relief Decisions
504
15.12.
Special Safeguards Rules for Chinese Imports
508
15.13.
WTO Rulings on U.S. Escape Clause Cases
509
15.14.
Trade Adjustment Assistance-Individual and Company Assistance Criteria
511
15.15.
Secretary of Labor Determinations
514
ch. 16
United States Export Controls
517
16.1.
Governance of Exports
517
16.2.
The Meaning of a "License"
518
16.3.
Export Administration Regulations
519
16.4.
Steps for Using the Export Administration Regulations
520
16.5.
General Prohibitions
521
16.6.
Determination of the Applicability of the General Prohibitions
521
16.7.
Overview of Export Controls
522
16.8.
The Commerce Control List (CCL)
523
16.9.
License Requirements, License Exceptions and List of Items Controlled Sections
524
16.10.
The Commerce Country Chart
526
16.11.
Determining the Need for a License
526
16.12.
Advisory Opinions
526
16.13.
Issuance and/or Denial of Applications
527
16.14.
Timetable for Application Review
528
16.15.
Issuance of a License
529
16.16.
Revocation or Suspension of a License
529
16.17.
Review of Export Applications by International Agencies
529
16.18.
Shipper's Export Declaration (SED) and Automated Export System (AES)
530
16.19.
Fines, Suspensions and Revocation of Export Authority
530
16.20.
Administrative Proceedings and Denial Orders
532
16.21.
Enhanced Proliferation Control Initiative (EPCI)
533
16.22.
Designation as a Foreign National
534
ch. 17
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and Illegal Payments Abroad
535
17.1.
Foreign Policy Based Laws-The Antiboycott Laws and the FCPA
536
17.2.
History of the FCPA
536
17.3.
Amendments in 1988
537
17.4.
Amendments in 1998
537
17.5.
Responses from Other Nations
538
17.6.
Definitional Challenges
539
17.7.
Exempting Minor Payments
539
17.8.
Who Is Covered?
540
17.9.
Prohibited Payments
540
17.10.
Accounting Standards
542
17.11.
What Is Given?
542
17.12.
Acting "Corruptly"
543
17.13.
Foreign Official
544
17.14.
Foreign Political Party, Official, or Candidate
545
17.15.
Any Person "While Knowing"
545
17.16.
De Minimis or "Grease" Payments
546
17.17.
"Facilitating or Expediting Routine Governmental Action"
546
17.18.
Lawful under "Written" Laws
548
17.19.
"Reasonable and Bona Fide Expenditures"
548
17.20.
Enforcement Authority
549
17.21.
Consent Decrees
550
17.22.
Charges of Accounting and Illegal Payment Violations
551
17.23.
Additional Charges
551
17.24.
Penalties: Record Keeping and Accounting Violations
551
17.25.
Penalties: Illegal Payment Violations
552
17.26.
Review Process
553
17.27.
When to Use Review Process?
553
17.28.
Actions by the Government
553
17.29.
Private Right of Action
554
17.30.
Employee Suits
554
17.31.
Suits Charging Competitor with Violation of FCPA
555
ch. 18
United States Boycott and Anti-Boycott Law
557
18.1.
Boycott and Antiboycott Laws
557
18.2.
Boycott Laws and International Law
558
18.3.
The Structure of United States Boycott Law
559
18.4.
Trade Restrictions: The Case of Cuba
561
18.5.
United States Reaction to the Arab Boycott of Israel: The Antiboycott Laws
567
18.6.
Export Administration Act
568
18.7.
Export Administration Regulations
569
18.8.
Prohibited Actions Must Be Done Intentionally
569
18.9.
Refusals to Deal
570
18.10.
Discriminatory Actions
572
18.11.
Furnishing Information Regarding Race, Religion, Sex, or National Origin
573
18.12.
Furnisher g Information Regarding Business Relationships-The Use of "Blacklists"
574
18.13.
Prohibition of Intentional Evasion
575
18.14.
Reporting Requirements
576
18.15.
Violations and Enforcement
579
18.16.
Private Right of Action
580
ch. 19
United States Section 301 Proceedings-Special 301 Procedures
583
19.1.
Foreign Country Practices and Market Access
583
19.2.
The Evolution of Section 301
584
19.3.
The Impact of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding
586
19.4.
Mandatory versus Discretionary Offenses and Remedies
586
19.5.
Statutory Definitions
588
19.6.
Petitioning and Consultation Procedures
589
19.7.
USTR Determinations
591
19.8.
Section 301 in Action
592
19.9.
Special 301-Prioritization of U.S. Intellectual Property Rights Disputes with Foreign-Countries
596
ch. 20
Antitrust Laws (U.S. and Europe)
601
20.1.
Sherman Act Prohibitions and Remedies
601
20.2.
Reasonable and Unreasonable (Per Se) Restraints of Trade
602
20.3.
Monopolization
604
20.4.
Clayton Act Prohibitions
605
20.5.
Mergers and Acquisitions
606
20.6.
Price Discrimination, Exclusive Dealing and Tying Offenses
607
20.7.
The Federal Trade Commission Act
608
20.8.
Extraterritorial U.S. Antitrust in Perspective-Blocking Statutes
609
20.9.
The Goals of European Union Competition Policy
614
20.10.
Article 101-Restraints of Trade
615
20.11.
Commission Investigations, Attorney-Client Privilege, Shared Prosecutorial Powers
617
20.12.
Commission Prosecutions and Sanctions
619
20.13.
Article 101-Group Exemptions
621
20.14.
Article 102
622
20.15.
Article 102-Dominant Positions
624
20.16.
Article 102-Abuse
628
20.17.
The Extraterritorial Reach of Articles 101 and 102
631
20.18.
United States Antitrust Cooperation Agreements
632
20.19.
United States-European Antitrust Cooperation
633
ch. 21
Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions, NAFTA in Outline
637
21.1.
Introduction
637
21.2.
GATT Article 24
639
21.3.
GATS Integrated Services Agreements
640
21.4.
Developing World Integration
640
21.5.
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
644
21.6.
East Asian Integration
646
21.7.
Getting to NAFTA
647
21.8.
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline-Goods
649
21.9.
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline-Services
653
21.10.
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline-Investment and Financial Services
655
21.11.
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline-Intellectual Property
657
21.12.
The NAFTA Agreement in Outline-Other Provisions
658
21.13.
Dispute Settlement under NAFTA
659
21.14.
The Side Agreements on Labor and the Environment
661
21.15.
Expanding NAFTA
662
21.16.
The USTR, Fast Track and Bilateral Trade Agreements
663
21.17.
Free Trade in the Americas
665
21.18.
U.S. Free Trade Agreements-NAFTA Plus and Minus
666
21.19.
Quebec and NAFTA
668
21.20.
A NAFTA/Free Trade in the Americas Timeline
669
ch. 22
Franchising and Trademark Licensing
671
22.1.
Franchising Abroad
671
22.2.
Trademark Protection
672
22.3.
Quality Controls
674
22.4.
Copyright Protection in Franchising
674
22.5.
Protection of Franchise Trade Secrets
675
22.6.
The Franchise Agreement, U.S. Franchising
676
22.7.
Regulation of International Franchising
677
22.8.
The Paris Convention as Applied to Trademarks
679
22.9.
The Nice Agreement on Trademark Classification
680
22.10.
International Trademark Registration Treaties
681
22.11.
The Pronuptia Case
681
22.12.
EU Regulations 4087/88, 2790/1999 and 330/10
683
ch. 23
Patent and Knowhow Licensing
685
23.1.
Protecting Patents and Knowhow
685
23.2.
The Nature of Patents
685
23.3.
The Nature of Knowhow and Trade Secrets
688
23.4.
International Patent and Knowhow Licensing
689
23.5.
International Acquisition of Patents
691
23.6.
European Patents
692
23.7.
European Patent and Knowhow Licensing
693
23.8.
European Transfer of Technology Regulation
695
23.9.
Technology Transfers
697
23.10.
Regulations in the Country of the Transferee
698
23.11.
Different Kinds of Agreements
700
23.12.
Agreement to License a Patent
701
23.13.
Agreement to License Knowhow or Trade Secrets
701
23.14.
Agreement as Part of a Foreign Direct Investment
702
23.15.
Other Forms of Agreement:
703
ch. 24
Counterfeit, Infringing and Gray Market Imports-United States Section 337 Proceedings
705
24.1.
Technology Transfers
705
24.2.
Counterfeit Goods, U.S. Remedies
707
24.3.
Customs Service Seizures
708
24.4.
Section 337 Proceedings (Intellectual Property)
711
24.5.
Infringement Actions
714
24.6.
Criminal Prosecutions
715
24.7.
International Solutions
716
24.8.
Gray Market Goods
717
24.9.
The U.S. Customs Service Position
718
24.10.
Trademark and Copyright Remedies
720
24.11.
Gray Market Goods in Other Jurisdictions
722
24.12.
Section 337-Complaint and Response
723
24.13.
Section 337-Temporary Relief
725
24.14.
Section 337-Administrative Process
725
24.15.
Section 337-Sanctions
726
24.16.
Section 337-Settlements
727
24.17.
Section 337-ITC Public Interest Review
728
24.18.
Section 337-ITC General Exclusion and Cease and Desist Orders
728
24.19.
Section 337-Presidential Veto
729
24.20.
Section 337-ITC Opinion Letters
730
ch. 25
Introduction to Foreign Direct Investment
731
25.1.
Why Invest Abroad?
731
25.2.
The Language of Investment Barriers-TRIMs
734
25.3.
Governance by Home Nations
736
25.4.
Governance by Host Nations
737
25.5.
Governance by Multi-Nation Organizations and International Law
739
25.6.
Restrictions upon Entry
742
25.7.
Restrictions During Operations
743
25.8.
Restrictions upon Withdrawal
744
25.9.
Prohibitions and Limitations on Ownership
744
25.10.
Limitations on Acquisitions
750
25.11.
Limitations on Management
751
25.12.
Performance Requirements
752
25.13.
Limitations on Transfer of Capital and Earnings
752
25.14.
Current Trends in Enacting and Enforcing Restrictions
754
25.15.
TRIMs
755
25.16.
Foreign Investment Treaties
756
25.17.
United States Investment Treaties
757
25.18.
The Unwritten Law: Operational Codes
757
25.19.
Other Forms of Foreign Investment
764
25.20.
Taxation of Foreign Investment
765
25.21.
Currency Issues
766
25.22.
Goals of Privatization
768
25.23.
Obstacles to Privatization
771
25.24.
Human Rights and Environmental Challenges to Foreign Investors
780
25.25.
The Applicable Law and Dispute Resolution
783
25.26.
Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs)
784
25.27.
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
786
ch. 26
Investing in Europe
789
26.1.
Introduction
789
26.2.
A Single Market
790
26.3.
The EURO
793
26.4.
Free Movement of Goods
799
26.5.
Article 36 and the Problem of Nontariff Trade Barriers
802
26.6.
Intellectual Property Rights as European Trade Barriers
805
26.7.
NTBs and the Single Market
807
26.8.
Product Standards and Testing
809
26.9.
Freedom to Provide and Receive Services across European Borders
810
26.10.
Equal Pay and Equal Treatment (Comparable Worth)
813
26.11.
Social Policy-Occupational Safety, the Social Fund and Social Charter
819
26.12.
Company Law, European Companies
822
26.13.
Early Law on Mergers and Acquisitions
826
26.14.
Commission Regulation of Mergers and Acquisitions, Case Examples
828
ch. 27
Investing in NAFTA
833
27.1.
Investment Laws of Canada
833
27.2.
Investment Laws of Mexico
835
27.3.
Mexican and Canadian Foreign Investment Review Procedures
838
27.4.
U.S. Regulation of Foreign Investment
843
27.5.
History of CFIUS and Evolution of Exon-Florio to the Foreign Investment and National Security Act (FINSA)
844
27.6.
When and How CFIUS Reviews Proposed Foreign Investment under Exon-Florio
846
27.7.
Application of Exon-Florio: Cases
850
27.8.
Defenses to Exon-Florio
857
27.9.
Exon-Florio Viewed from Abroad
858
27.10.
The Development of NAFTA Investment Rules
859
27.11.
The Scope of Coverage of the NAFTA
861
27.12.
NAFTA Chapter 11-General Rules
862
27.13.
NAFTA Chapter 11-Investment Dispute Resolution
863
ch. 28
OPIC and MIGA Investment Insurance
865
28.1.
OPIC-Role and Structure
865
28.2.
OPIC-Investor Eligibility
867
28.3.
OPIC-Insurance Programs
867
28.4.
OPIC-Investment Insurance Terms
869
28.5.
OPIC--Eligible Investments
869
28.6.
OPIC-Claims and Dispute Settlement
870
28.7.
OPIC-Private Insurers
871
28.8.
Investment Insurance on an International Level
871
28.9.
MIGA-Insurance Programs
873
28.10.
MIGA-Eligible Investments
874
28.11.
MIGA-Eligible Investors
875
28.12.
MIGA-Scope of Coverage
875
28.13.
MIGA-Claims
876
ch. 29
Expropriation of an Investment
877
29.1.
Avoiding the Risk of Expropriation
878
29.2.
Legal Choices Following Expropriation
878
29.3.
What Law Applies and What Is that Law?
878
29.4.
Applying Domestic Law of the Taking Nation
879
29.5.
Applying International Law
879
29.6.
Investment Treaties
880
29.7.
Public Purpose under International Law
880
29.8.
Defining Public Purpose
880
29.9.
Who Measures Public Purpose?
881
29.10.
Retaliation and Discrimination Defined
881
29.11.
Retaliation and Discrimination Subordinated to Compensation
882
29.12.
The Uncertainty of International Law
882
29.13.
Prompt, Adequate, and Effective Compensation
884
29.14.
Appropriate Compensation
884
29.15.
Fair Compensation
885
29.16.
Just Compensation
885
29.17.
Restitution as a Substitute for-Compensation
885
29.18.
Mandatory Questions under Any Standard
886
29.19.
Exhaustion of Local Remedies
886
29.20.
Assistance of the Government-The "Calvo Clause"
887
29.21.
Lump-Sum Agreements and Claims Commissions
888
29.22.
Suing in United States Courts
891
29.23.
Foreign Sovereign Immunity
892
29.24.
History and Rationale
892
29.25.
The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976
894
29.26.
Who Is a Sovereign?
895
29.27.
Jurisdictional Issues
896
29.28.
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity-Waiver
897
29.29.
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity-Commercial Activity
898
29.30.
Exceptions to Sovereign Immunity-Violations of International Law
901
29.31.
Act of State Doctrine
901
29.32.
History of Act of State Doctrine
902
29.33.
Act of State and the Expropriation of Property
903
29.34.
Act of State Encounters Some Limits
904
29.35.
Act of State and the Separation of Powers
904
29.36.
Act of State and Some Exceptions
907
29.37.
Act of State and Congress
909
ch. 30
International Business Litigation
911
30.1.
Introduction
911
30.2.
Personal Jurisdiction
912
30.3.
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
917
30.4.
Service of Process
919
30.5.
Choice of Forum
921
30.6.
Forum Non Conveniens
924
30.7.
Choice of Law
927
30.8.
Antisuit Injunctions
929
30.9.
Proving Foreign Law
932
30.10.
Depositions and Document Discovery Abroad
933
30.11.
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments
936
ch. 31
International Commercial Arbitration
939
31.1.
Why Arbitrate?
940
31.2.
Types of International Commercial Arbitrations
943
31.3.
Mandatory Law
944
31.4.
International Arbitration Rules: UNICITRAL
946
31.5.
International Arbitration Rules: ICSID
947
31.6.
ICC and LCIA Arbitral Rules and Clauses
949
31.7.
Enforcement of Arbitral Awards: The New York Convention
950
31.8.
Arbitration Agreements, Arbitrators and Awards under U.S. Law
952
31.9.
Arbitration Awards Rejected: A Case Study
956
Table Of Cases
959
Index
971